Electrochemical Sandwich Assays for Biomarkers Incorporating Aptamers, Antibodies and Nanomaterials for Detection of Specific Protein Biomarkers

The development of sensitive and selective assays for protein biomarkers other biological analytes is important advancing the fields clinical diagnostics bioanalytical chemistry. potential advantages using aptamers in electrochemical sandwich are being increasingly recognized. These may include an aptamer as both capture detection agent or a combination with different partner such antibody, lectin nanomaterial. second binding structure typically conjugated to redox marker, catalyst enzyme that can be used generate signal needed detection. Nanoparticles nanostructures carriers multiple molecules thereby increase signal. Nanostructured surfaces surface area improve electron transfer. Sensitive methods including impedance, differential square-wave voltammetry chronocoulometry have been read-out. Impressive results achieved terms limit linear range growing analytes. recent progress this type assay proteins subject review.